LIMPEO modifies the crystallization kinetics of calcium carbonate in water by influencing the nucleation phase. The electromagnetic field promotes the formation of aragonite over calcite.

CaCO₃ that would have precipitated as calcite is directed towards crystallization as aragonite. The resulting aragonite crystals are 30 to 40 times smaller than calcite aggregates, limiting scale formation.

In water containing dissolved CO₂, the calco-carbonic equilibrium allows the conversion of solid CaCO₃ into highly soluble Ca(HCO₃)₂, leading to progressive dissolution of existing deposits.

Scientific validation

Chemical-free limescale treatment by electromagnetic waves has been studied for over 30 years by independent universities and laboratories.

Scientific research laboratory with calcium carbonate crystallization analysis equipment

Measurable effects

Progressive reduction of existing deposits

Stabilization of heat exchange coefficients

Reduction of hydraulic pressure losses

Extended maintenance cycles

Maintained nominal thermal performance

Reference studies

Coey & Cass (2000)

Trinity College Dublin

Foundational study on magnetic water treatment and CaCO₃ precipitation. Demonstrated impact on crystallization (aragonite/calcite) and scale formation.

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Kobe et al. (2001)

Jozef Stefan Institute, Slovenia

XRD/SEM analysis showing increased aragonite fraction and reduced scaling deposits under magnetic field.

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Amiri & Dadkhah (2004)

Journal of Alloys and Compounds

Laboratory study showing the evolution of CaCO₃ phases and modified scaling behavior on carbon steel.

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Beshchasna et al. (2020)

University of Nebraska – Lincoln

Water heater trials with scale mass measurements and XRD/SEM analyses showing significant reduction in CaCO₃ deposits.

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Transparency note

These results come from studies published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. LIMPEO is committed to scientific transparency. The full 16-page report is available for download.

Frequently asked questions about LIMPEO science

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Water descaler comparison

LIMPEO vs salt softener, reverse osmosis, and polyphosphate: detailed comparison table.

How LIMPEO works

The 5 steps of electromagnetic treatment explained visually.

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